The report breaks down the 367.8 billion euros total into four categories, with direct losses accounting for the largest share, at 146.2 billion euros, followed by social losses (102.1 billion euros), indirect losses (81.5 billion euros), and legal costs (38.1 billion euros). Energy and telecommunications together would bear nearly 40 percent of the total impact.

Losses are expected to rise sharply after 2028 as implementation begins, reaching 93 billion euros that year before stabilizing at around 90 billion euros annually.

The burden would also be uneven across member states, with Germany facing the largest losses, at 170.8 billion euros, followed by France and Italy.

The report calls on EU policymakers to adopt technology-neutral, evidence-based approaches, and warns that mandatory supplier replacement could undermine the bloc's competitiveness and deepen fragmentation within the single market.