A doctor who contracted the deadly Ebola virus but rode the subway system and dined out before he recovered from it said the media and politicians could have done a better job by educating people on the science of the disease instead of focusing on their fears.

Dr Craig Spencer, an emergency room physician, was diagnosed with Ebola on Oct 23, days after returning from treating patients in Guinea with Doctors Without Borders. His was the first Ebola case in the nation's largest city, spurring an effort to contain anxieties along with the virus.

"When we look back on this epidemic, I hope we'll recognize that fear caused our initial hesitance to respond - and caused us to respond poorly when we finally did," Spencer wrote in an article published on Wednesday in The New England Journal of Medicine.

News of Spencer's infection unnerved some New York residents, particularly after they learned that he rode the subway system, ate out and went bowling in the days before he developed a fever and tested positive.

Spencer said little attention was devoted to the fact the science of disease transmission and the experience of previous Ebola outbreaks suggested it was "nearly impossible for me to have transmitted the virus before I had a fever".

"Meanwhile, politicians, caught up in the election season, took advantage of the panic to try to appear presidential instead of supporting a sound, science-based public health response," he said.

After Spencer's diagnosis, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie announced mandatory 21-day quarantines for travelers who come in close contact with Ebola, which has infected more than 14,000 people in West Africa and has killed more than 5,000.

Cuomo and Christie called federal health guidelines inadequate when they announced their quarantine plans. But the governors, Spencer said, did not "sufficiently consider the unintended side effects".